TOEIC Scores by Age, Gender, Country, and Education

If youve taken the TOEIC Listening and Reading exam, then you know that it can be difficult to ascertain how well youve done on the test. Even though many businesses and institutions have minimum TOEIC scores or proficiency levels for hiring, the levels may be quite different from another institutions base requirements. So, where do you stand with the scores youve earned? How do your scores compare with the scores of others who have taken the test? Here are the average TOEIC scores by a number of different factors: age, gender, country of birth, and education level.   Average TOEIC Scores by Country of Birth The first numbers after the countries are the mean or average TOEIC scores for the Listening Test. The second numbers are the mean or average TOEIC scores for the Reading Test. Remember that the highest possible score achievable on each exam is a 495 and anything over 450 is generally considered excellent with no real weaknesses in the language by the makers of the test, ETS.   ALBANIA 208   168  ALGERIA 344   299  ARGENTINA 368   340   BELGIUM 393   362BRAZIL 334   303  CAMEROON 322   282CANADA 432   393CHILE 257   218  CHINA, PEOPLES REPUBLIC 350   322COLOMBIA 343   304  COSTA RICA 378 326COTE DIVOIRE (IVORY COAST) 324 297  CZECH REPUBLIC 398 362  EGYPT 218 177  FRANCE 377   342  GERMANY 425   362  GREECE 321 247  HONG KONG 297 235  INDIA 408   361  INDONESIA 234 188ITALY 371   355  JAPAN 284   228KOREA (ROK) 351   295LEBANON 409   354MACAO 258 191MALAYSIA 362   294  MONGOLIA 247 189MOROCCO 375   324   PAKISTAN 299 227PERU 307 279  PHILIPPINES 384   325  POLAND 315   243  PORTUGAL 404   362  REUNION 352   318  RUSSIA 359   308  SENEGAL 344   298SLOVAKIA 358 317  SPAIN 345   335  TAIWAN 294   242  THAILAND 274 207  TUNISIA 374   334  TURKEY 355 299  Ã‚  UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 298   183  VIETNAM 249   229  Ã‚  Ã‚   Average TOEIC Scores by Age It appears as though the 26-30-year-olds have the highest average TOEIC scores in this set of statistics, even though they accounted for only17.6% of testers. Check it out: Age Average Listening Score Average Reading Score under 20 276 215 21-25 328 274 26-30 339 285 31-35 320 270 36-40 305 258 41-45 293 246 over 45 288 241 Average TOEIC Scores by Gender Just 44.1% of test-takers were female, compared to the 55.9% of testers who were male. On average, women outscored men on both the Listening and Reading tests.   Female Listening Score Average: 327Female Reading Score Average: 266Male Listening Score Average: 304Female Reading Score Average: 255 Average TOEIC Scores by Level of Education More than half (56.5%) of the test-takers sitting for the TOEIC exam were in college, attempting to earn their undergraduate degree at a four-year university. Here are the statistics, based on the levels of education of the testers. Again, the first score is for the Listening exam and the second is for the Reading portion. Graduate school: 351   310Undergraduate college:   338   285Junior high school: 284 214High school:  276   212Elementary school: 265   220Community college:  Ã‚  268   210Language institution:   268 194 Vocational school after high school:  258   193Vocational school:   236   169 TOEIC LISTENING PRACTICE

Obesity As An Extreme Excess Of Body Fat - 1690 Words

Put simply, obesity can be defined as an extreme excess of body fat. Simple, health-oriented definitions of obesity should be based on the amount of excess body fat at which health risks to individuals begin to increase. Since no such definitions currently exist, measurements of height and weight help to assess the overall health and nutritional status of adults. Obesity and healthy weight can be defined by the Body Mass Index (BMI), which is calculated as weight and height squared. Obesity is caused by many factors, including the contributions of inherited, metabolic, behavioral, cultural, and socioeconomic effects. Obesity may raise the risk of illness from numerous issues such as heart disease and diabetes. As weight increases, so does the prevalence of health risks. Because of the importance of these issues, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services considers obesity among the 10 leading health indicators in Healthy People 2020, which are the health objectives for the Nati on. In recent history, obesity among the black communities has become one of the most prevalent issues that urban America endures. But why is urban America falling victim to such a seemingly curable health epidemic you ask? Over the years, people of color in focus groups have admitted that they did not eat healthy foods or exercise regularly. Many had personal stories of friends and family members who had been diagnosed with diabetes or high blood pressure. This reality was making them moreShow MoreRelatedObesity is Not a Disease Essay1185 Words   |  5 PagesObesity has played a major role in media over the last decade. With growing concern over the issue, a controversy over whether obesity is a disease itself or not has developed. 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Relationship Between Leaders and Followers

Question: Discuss about the Relationship Between Leaders and Followers. Answer: Introduction: Any successful organization depends solely on the relationship that exists between its leadership and the entire stakeholders. Locke and Associates (1999) define leadership a process of motivating others to take a particular action for a common goal. Being a leader, you must have followers which in this case are several members including the personnel within the organizations. Both members and the leaders have different obligation required of them to execute to attain the mutual mission of the organization. Therefore, the aim of this excerpt is to explore in details the relationships that exist between the leaders and their followers within organizations. Worth noting is that the relationship between leaders and the members can be influenced by the organizational structure adopted by a particular firm. An organization that takes a closed system of management often tends to exhibit strict chain of command which intricately slows down the process of decision making. In this kind of system, no one dares, especially the subordinate, employees to question the leader even if the decision is wrong. Such an occurrence could be simply because the company policy dictates one to follow the stipulated channel of communication. On the other hand, organizations that adopt an open system of management provide an ample environment for both leaders and followers to relate well without hindrance for the common goal of the groups. Milakovich and Gordon (2009) refer to the leadership of this kind of system as a social system in which the meaning is attained through a mutual transaction between the leaders and the followers of an organization. Transaction al leaders are the ones that identify the needs of their members in their working environment and try to avail them for the benefit of motivating them. As a result, the production will increase to meet the organization's goals. Moreover, theorists such as Fidler who coined the contingency theory of leadership argue that the output of a particular group depends on the emotional orientation of the leader as well as the environment of the group, the nature of the task and finally the power position held by the head (Peterson et al., 2008). If the relationship between the leader and the followers is right, there are higher chances of attaining the target goal. Moreover, the nature of the task also can determine the relationship between the members and the leader. The contingency theory argues that the behaviour pattern exhibited by a leader is determined by the requirements dictated by the situation. The task variable explains how the nature of work determines the leader-follower relations. If the work to be carried out is clearly defined, the leader will not have to spend much time explaining to the followers what they are required to do. Furthermore, the power position is another determinant of relations between the leader and the follower based on Fidlers contingency theory (Goldhaber, 1993). The leadership position of a leader depends on whether the individual assigned to the position has an authoritative power over the members. If the position has authority, within an organization then that leader has less effort making decisions over the employees or followers, and they are likely to listen to him/her. Such is contrary to when they have less authority. For example, a leader is given the position of a chairperson in a committee within an organization but does not have the power to make major decisions. Therefore, building and maintaining a good relationship with the followers determine the output. Based on the leader-member exchange theory, the rate at which the followers produce often tends to be proportional to how he/she relates to them. Some follow produce more than others based on some variables such as the e nvironment created by fellow followers and the leader or the psychological factors (Sheraz, 2012; Yaseen, 2010). Therefore, to achieve the maximum output from the followers, a leader ought to employ the transactional kind of leadership to make every follower feel they are part of the organization. On the flip side, the followers also have an obligation within an organizations leadership. A follower must be able to portray a good sense of judgment. Such is considered being a quality that every individual within the organization must possess some leaders may at times fail to offer the right decision. Therefore it is upon the follower to gauge the directive by the leader and be able to act upon it. Some leaders make bad choices which if not corrected in time, might put the organization in an awkward position. For example, a chief executive officer may give additives that can jeopardize the image of the company. Thus the public relations office being a follower has an obligation to make the right call act on the directive or offer a proper advice on how to react to the situation. Moreover, a good follower also must observe a work ethic. To have a good relationship between the follower and the leader, the follower must be diligent in their obligations. Bess and Dee (2012) argue that contingency theory of leadership requires the member traits, which entail right skills, and maturity level determines the leadership behavior. The leaders role is to provide the necessary requirements for the followers to achieve optimum performance while the supporters duty is to use their skills and competence to execute their due obligations. Also, members know their responsibility. A good relation between the follower and leader is often achieved when the follower knows his/her responsibility. It is much easier for a fan to complete their obligation without conflicting with the leader. It also makes them proactive to help fellow members for achieving the groups desired goals. In turn, this also helps save time and improves efficiency within an organization. Besides, followers must possess courage as one of their traits. It is not easy in some organizations for followers to take the bull by the horns and confront their leaders even when they out rightly know the head is wrong. Such a scenario often arises where the organization adopts the hierarchical kind of management. As a result, the followers often retreat for fear of being intimidated by their leaders or fear of causing a strained relationship between them and the leader. In turn, this may cause significant problems to the organization because of a single mistake that ought to have been reported by the follower but chose not to. Interpersonal relationship between the member and the leader could have the influence on the organization's goals. It is wise to note that the ultimate reason for both the leader and the follower is to achieve the preset organizational goals. At times, the strained interpersonal relationship between the leader and the follower could affect the performance o f either due to poor communication as well attitudes towards each other. However, the bottom line is for the follower to understand where his/her loyalty lies. Personal relationship with the leader should not act as a boulder between them and attain the organizations goals (Chris Maser, 2013) Also, emotional consciousness is a requirement of a follower. To have a good relationship between the leader and the follower, one must possess a sense of controlling their emotions to themselves as well as with another member. They must remain composed and maintain calm in challenging situations. For instance, some leaders, due to time constraints push their followers to work for long hours to meet the deadlines, which could affect the relationship that exists between them and their supporters. However, it is too, an obligation of the follower to understand the matter at hand and put the interest of the organizations first before theirs. Nevertheless, self-motivated followers often create a good relationship between them and the leaders. Real fans always take an initiative to perform the task without being pushed around to accomplish the work that they ought to have done on their own. As a result, in most organizations, people with such initiatives have landed recognition through awards and promotion to leadership since they get along with almost anyone. However, it should be worth noting that having such an initiative trait should not lead the follower to be contemptuous of fellow members, rather a motivation to provide more for the organization while maintaining good relations with the leader. While we have analyzed the roles the leaders and followers in an organization, it is important to look at benefits of having a good relationship between them and its repercussions to the team. First, a good rapport between a leader and the followers builds trust. As discussed above in the Fidlers contingency theory of leadership, some leadership power position determines the members performance. Thus, suppose the leadership position has a little power that is the leader does not have authority over the followers, good relationship that exists between him/her and they will convince them to perform without being pushed around because they have trust in him/her. As a result, the organization will benefit Moreover, a good relationship between a leader and the followers will create the right organizational image to the public, which may attract a positive reaction from stakeholders who would like to associate with the organizations. Examples include the investors as well as well-wishers. An organization whose leaders relate well with their followers, often tend to experience tremendous positive changes. Leaders who embrace new ideas from their supporters can gain more (Chen Silverthorne, 2005). Thus, they not only improve the services of the organization but also provide an opportunity for follower members to become leaders. These are often known as transformative leaders since they see the goodness in others. In conclusion, the relationship between the leaders and followers is vital to the success of any organization. As discussed in the essay, both the leader and the follower must meet several obligations as well as exhibit certain traits for common organizational goals. Irrespective of the circumstances that are contingent to various leadership practices effective communication between the leaders and followers is crucial. Also, the relationships that exist between leaders and followers have the significant influence on output and building of members trust. Finally, the image of the organization hinges on relationship positive relations among its member. References Carolin G., Wilkins, D. (2013). Leadership Pure and Simple: How Transformative Leaders Create Winning Orgaanizations. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Chen, J., Silverthorne, C. (2005). Leadership effectiveness, leadership style and employee readiness. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 26(4), 280288.https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730510600652 David, S. (2013). Contemporary Leadership in Sport Organizations. Winsor: Sheridan Books Goldhaber, G.M. (1993). Organizational Communication (6th Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Hollanda, E. (2009). Inclusive Leadership: The Essential Leader-Follower Relationship. New York: Rutledge Jex, M., Britt, W. (2008). Organizational Psychology: A Scientist-Practitioner Approach (2nd Ed.). New Jersey: John Willey Sons, Inc. Locke, A. (2009). The Essence of Leadership: The Four Keys to Leading Successfully. Maryland: Lexington Books Master, C. (2013). Decision-Making for a Sustainable Environment: A Systemic Approach. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Milakovich E., Gordon J. (2009). Public Administration in America (10th Ed.). Boston: Clark Baxter Northouse, P.G. (2013). Leadership: Theory and Practice. Los Angeles: Sage Publications. Peterson, S. J., Walumbwa, F. O., Byron, K., Myrowitz, J. (2008). CEO positive psychological traits, Transformational leadership, and firm performance in high-technology start-up and established firms. Journal of Management, 35(2), 348368.https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307312512 Sheraz, A. (2012). Enhancing employee performance through ethical leadership, transformational leadership and organizational culture in development sector of Pakistan. African Journal of Business Management, 6(4). https://doi.org/10.5897/ajbm11.633 Yaseen, Z. (2010). Leadership styles of men and women in the Arab world. Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues, 3(1), 6370.https://doi.org/10.1108/17537981011022823.

Live Of A Slave Girl Essays - Harriet Ann Jacobs, Harriet, Films

Live Of A Slave Girl Life of a Slave Girl Harriet Jacobs constantly refers to friends that help her through her plight for freedom. Relying on the kindness of others seems to be a trend through out her life. Harriet was always helped out when she was a slave and when she escaped from slavery. When ever she got into troubble someone always came to her rescue. Everyone that came to her rescue was risking themselves when they would aid her. Be it a good old friend from the past, someone who knew her mother or a random stranger in the last expected place, there was always someone to save her. She thankfully accepted every bit of aid that came her way. Countless times Harriet speaks of geting help from someone whom she knew when she was little, be it an old friend or someone who is helping her because they knew her mother. People always wanted to help her, and this makes me wonder what she was like. Not once in her story does Harriet describe herself or do we get to know much about her other then how troubbled she always is. Harriet was someone of a very strong moral character. Her second master Dr. Flint was relentless in his desires to have her as his lover yet she never gave in. In the situation of a slave this was very unusual. There was nothing to stop Dr. Flint from sticking Harriet in jail or whiping her untill she couldnt stand anymore for no other reason then he felt like it. Yet she would not do anything she chose not to. She eventually ran away from him after spending years in his service and spent seven years hiding in an atic that summed up to be a large coffin then serve him and his family any more. She would rather torchure herself then submit to the Flints and do something she felt was wrong. At the age of six Harriet learned to read and write from her first master. Harriet had a very strong belief in god. Her ability to read was a great strength to her because it allowed her to learn the word of god and understand it better. At many points in her life she was unable to attend church for fear of being captured and returned to Dr. Flint. The Bible was the only thing she could turn to for compfort and relief. Everytime someone did anything for Harriet she was eternally gratefull. Be it some food, clothing, kind words or sheltering her from her enimys. One man told her about her children coming to join her on the plantation, and she says to this day she is grateful to that gentleman for the information. Just a few words from one man and she is is forever thankful to him. Every person that had every done anything for her stayed in her heart and kindly remembered. Most people today take everything soo lightly that it shows a lot about her that she might be thankful to someone no matter the case. Through out her plight she made many friends and allys. From people asked to help her to people who noticed she was in troubble and did all they possibly could with out thinking about the reprocussions if their help was found out. Most of her assistence in escaping slavery came from completely unexpected places. Betty, the slave of a wealthy slave trader's wife was one of the people who played a large role in Harriet's escape. They had met before but we are not told to what extent Betty and Harriet knew eachother. Betty's mistress was the one hiding Harriet out of the kindness of her heart yet Betty was the one who did everything to conseal her. She faithfully hid Harriet and took care of her as best she could. At one point Betty states that she would rather see Harriet free then to be free herself. This type of thing amazes me, that someone, not family, who had almost no attachment to someone could so honistly help someone else. Though Betty was the first to give everything to help Harriet, many others helped her get away as well. Peter